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PC Basics 7: Ideas that Changed the World
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PC Basics 7 - Ideas that Changed the World (1999)(IDG Media).iso
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GUIDE
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ANSWERS.DP
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Wrap
Common Ground
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1996-01-17
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315KB
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5,586 lines
{CGDC
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Times New Roman
Parent-T
eacher
Guide
Answers
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Times New Roman
The First Inventions
Arial
Early T
Q1 -
two million years
Q2 -
0When struck on a harder surface, flint flakes of
f to create sharp
4Aedges useful for a variety of purposes. It is easy to work, makes
durable tools.
Making Fire
Q1 -
Homo Erectus or "Peking Man".
Q2 -
Safety purposes.
Q1 -
6Communications, express emotions, ceremonial purposes,
*>:"sympathetic magic" to increase game numbers, a mirror of
people's social organization.
9Many historians believe that they were fertility symbols.
*?)Clothed, hair style, more detail, slimmer
, variety in materials
4&used, where they would be placed, etc.
Improving Man
z s Chances
of Survival
Early Farming
Q1 -
Eastern Mediterranean.
Q2 -
:Farming = surplus food = surplus labour = urbanization =
*?=development of trades and crafts = technological development.
Q3 -
long lever and a counter weight.
The Plow
Q1 -
=Use of iron in plows, later cast iron which is less brittle,
*?>improved wing designs, mold boards, adjustable struts to vary
depths.
Arial
Scientific
Agriculture
Q1 -
) 0urnip cultivation, Norfolk four course rotation.
Wheat, turnips, barley
, and clover.
Q2 -
Ease of repair
, instalment purchases.
Q3 -
;He used a brass cover and adjustable spring mechanism from
an organ to regulate seed flow.
Basic Shelter
Q1 -
5Skins, bones, mud bricks, logs, branches, ice, palms.
Q2 -
)E=ferent climates, varying materials suitable for building,
technology levels.
Stone and Concrete Construction
Q1 -
@Levelled ground positioned with flax cords, quarried granite and
*>;limestone, hauled sledges with stone to pyramid site, used
*?/ramp to haul stone up, and removed ramps later.
Q2 -
Stone or brick, lime, sand.
A1 -
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian.
ONCRETE
Arial
aults and Domes
Q1 -
Frame construction.
Q2 -
>Pendentives of curvilinear wedges supported on piers built on
*>9corners of domes; domes rested on pendentives circular
*?:framework. Small arches called squinch arches created an
octagon on which domes rested.
Metal and Building Construction
Q1 -
9Abraham Darby III, Coalbrookdale, England, now known as
Ironbridge.
Q2 -
Strong, rigid and light-weight.
Q3 -
=Reaching upper floors of hi-rises safely; elevator made safe
with a stay and rachet.
A1 -
Forth Bridge
cantilevers
Empire State Building
ferro concrete
4 skyscaper
Albert Dock
aj Mahal
Gustave Eif
Crystal Palace
Early Medicine
Q1 -
$Strong spiritual element in healing.
Q2 -
Hippocrates,
Aristotle, Galen.
Q3 -
, fire, water
2, and earth. Plenty of air meant cheerfulness and
4Bplenty of blood; excess of fire was to be choleric and
*?:hot-tempered; water caused phlegm and sluggishness; earth
caused melancholy.
Advances in Medicine
Q1 -
Nitrous oxide.
A3 -
)(Diagram of matching words using arrows).
esalius
Sphygmomanometer
Galileo
Stethoscope
on Basch
Inoculation
4 Helmholtz
Thermometer
Laennec
Carbolic
Lister
Opthalmoscope
Pasteur
Dissections
Times New Roman
From Flint T
ools to
Production Lines
Arial
Q1 -
Iron, copper
^ , bronze.
Q2 -
7200 years.
Simple Machines
Q1 -
edge, lever
, block with pulley
, winch, screw.
Q2 -
Axe and chisel.
Q3 -
0Archimedean screw to raise water for irrigation.
Machine T
Q1 -
?Pole lathe, cord to wooden pole and a treadle. Foot pressure on
treadle turned piece.
Q2 -
Higher quality
, greater variety
, greater demand.
James W
Screw cutting lathe
James Nasmyth
Cylinder boring machine
Henry Maudslay
Steam hammer
John W
ilkinson
Steam engine
Mass Production
Q1 -
0Mechanization of manufacturing, identical parts.
Q2 -
@Invented cotton gin to remove seed from cotton 50 times faster,
1793.
Q3 -
<Cars moved down the assembly line; people at stations
constructed car as it passed.
Times New Roman
Utilizing the Earth
s Resources
Arial
Natural Power
Q1 -
People (slaves).
Q2 -
Overshot, undershot, breast.
A1 -
<People, oxen, horses, Greek water wheel, Roman geared mill,
*> windmill.
The Steam Engine
Q1 -
Hero lived in
|1Alexandria, and invented an aeolipile, that used
steam power.
Q2 -
Newcomen.
Q3 -
)2 Scotsman at Glasgow University.
4=He added a condenser so that the cylinders didn't have to be
*?<heated and cooled with every stroke. He also developed a
*>@double acting engine allowing steam to enter alternately on both
*?5sides of the piston, and a governor to control speed.
Q4 -
Railway
, steamboat.
Electricity and the Battery
Q1 -
?Flew kite with silk thread attached to a key in a thunderstorm.
Lightning rod.
Q2 -
<First battery - electrophorus, stored large positive charge.
Q3 -
estinghouse developed an ef
/ ficient motor and distribution
system.
Internal Combustion Engines
Q1 -
Spark plugs.
Q2 -
Diesel ignited by compression.
Jet Engine
Q1 -
"Up and down motion wasted; more ef
ficiency needed.
Q2 -
Fuel burns continuously
(, and rotary motion is produced without
conversion.
Q3 -
%By the thrust of the expelling gases.
Q4 -
Threat of W
orld W
Arial
Rockets
Q1 -
!Rockets carry their own oxidizer.
Q2 -
"Use liquified hydrogen and oxygen.
Q3 -
.Goddard - first liquid propelled rocket, 1926.
)"8on Braun - He developed mile high rockets in Germany in
1931; in W.W
|1.II he built the V2. rockets, and later designed
4 rockets in the U.S.A.(N.A.S.A.).
Q4 -
<V2 - weight 13.5 tons, one-ton warhead , range of 200 miles
*? (320 km).
Nuclear Power
Q1 -
?By splitting the nucleus of a heavy atom, eg. uranium, a great
deal of energy is released.
Q2 -
E = mc
*; E = energy; m = mass; c = speed of light
Q3 -
=Nucleus of uranium atom split, and chain reaction controlled
*??with a great deal of heat (energy) released. Gases are heated,
*>3pass into a boiler and heat water to create steam.
The
4@expanding steam turns turbines, which drive the
*>!electricity-producing generators.
Times New Roman
Using Natural and
Artificial
Materials
Pottery and Glass
Q1 -
)2=rotating table enables the moulding and shaping of clay into
rounded vessels.
Q2 -
#As it was easier to transport water
, settlements could move
away from the rivers.
Q3 -
=Porcelain is made from a special clay called Kaolin or China
)l;. Porcelain pots must be heated at very high temperatures
4?and they become translucent meaning light can shine through it.
*?8Clay pots are dried at much lower temperatures, and are
*>1opaque, that is no light can pass through them.
As might be
4:expected porcelain ware is much more expensive than items
made from ordinary clay.
Q4 -
#Sand, limestone, calcium carbonate.
Arial
orking in Metal
Q1 -
;They are naturally soft or become soft when heated; do not
*?Acrack or split as easily when struck. Metal can be formed into a
wider variety of shapes.
Q2 -
Ore - A
5naturally-occurring substance which can be exploited
economically (is found in suf
$ficient quantities, easily reached,
47contains a high proportion of the metal desired, etc.).
*>9Smelting - Heating an ore to separate the metal from the
unwanted materials around it.
Q3 -
) >in and copper together form bronze, and it is easier to cast,
41has a lower melting point, and is less corrosive.
Q4 -
<China was smelting iron in the Fourth Century B.C., whereas
*?0this idea did not reach Europe until the Middle
Ages.
:o-day ideas may travel from China to Europe virtually
instantaneously.
Q5 -
Iron ore, coke or charcoal.
Bellows.
Plastics
Q1 -
.He accidentally overheated a mixture of rubber
, sulphur and
white lead.
Q2 -
Alexander Parkes.
Parkesine.
Camphor and cellulose nitrate.
Q3 -
>Adolf Spitteler's cat knocked a bottle of formaldehyde into a
*?*saucer of milk and created a hard plastic.
Q4 -
Polymerization - A
*combination of two or more molecules from
4<an existing compound is formed into larger molecules with a
larger molecular weight.
*?<Nylon, rayon, polystyrene, terylene, lycra, orlon, neoprene.
Times New Roman
Shrinking the W
Boats and Rafts
Q1 -
Bank of oars and sails.
Arial
The Compass
Q1 -
!It has been naturally magnetized.
The Wheel
Q1 -
Mesopotamia.
Roads and Railways
Q1 -
Spain, Portugal, Greece, Y
ugoslavia, France, Germany,
Netherlands, Italy
, Britain, etc.
Q2 -
@Foundation of rubble and gravel, courses of bricks, stone slabs
on top.
Q3 -
:McAdam combined a cambered foundation underneath two four
*>7inch (10 cm) courses of stone topped by smaller stone.
4:stone on top was crushed into a smooth surface. Drainage
*>!ditches were added on both sides.
Q4 -
$Mines involved great weights and dif
ficult terrain.
Flight
Q1 -
.Hydrogen is lighter than air and is smokeless.
Q2 -
"Bicycle repairmen in Dayton, Ohio.
Q3 -
They built a wind tunnel.
Arial
A2 -
Leonardo Da V
wing shapes
Clement
Aderfirst
manned balloon
J.A.C.Charles
2,000 glider flights
Otto Lilienthal
use of hydrogen balloons
George Cayley
ornithopter
Montgolfier bros.
pilotless glider flight
9 Henri Gif
the eole
Samuel Langley
steam-driven steerable
airship
Scripts and
Alphabets
Q1 -
?The trading of goods required the need to record transactions,
taxes, and to mark possessions.
Q2 -
BCuneiforms evolved from pictographs into a series of wedge-shaped
*?*marks with a smaller number of characters.
Q3 -
Sacred carving.
The Book
Q1 -
Heavy
&, cumbersome, required too much space.
Q2 -
AThey cut the inner layers of reed into strips, laid them together
, laid
4@more strips on top at right angles, then pressed them until dry.
Q3 -
AThe linen was pounded to pulp, a wire or bamboo grid was lowered
*>?into the mix, removed, and excess water allowed to drain away,
then the mix was dried.
Q4 -
Arabs.
Q5 -
Rapid printing, moveable type.
This allowed a flow of ideas.
Optical Inventions
Q1 -
An English writer
, Robert Grossteste (ca 1
170 - 1253)
Q2 -
;Leewenhoek - double convex lens; Campani - compound
*>Dmicroscope, with an adjustable tube; Hooke - lens to focus light on
the subject.
Q3 -
@He developed the compound microscope, and invented the
telescope.
Q4 -
7The solar system revolves around the sun not the earth.
Q5 -
)28spherical mirror concentrates the image at the eyepiece.
Arial
Remote Communications
Q1 -
=It can be seen or heard, using light or sound to transmit it.
Q2 -
Electromagnetic radiation.
Q3 -
John Fleming - A
.diode which converts alternating current (A/C)
to direct current (D/C).
Lee DeForest - A
(diode amplifies messages and signals and
45they combine to radio waves forming carrier waves for
transmission.
Sound Recording
Q1 -
?He connected a mouthpiece diaphragm to the stylus by cutting a
groove in solid material. A
'second stylus attached to the earpiece
49diaphragm decoded the sound from the groove for playback.
Q2 -
Leon Scott, Cros.
Q3 -
;Storing digitally and translating back into analog signals.
Moving Images
Q1 -
Etienne Jules Marey.
Q2 -
BThe viewer looked into a box through a magnifying lens in the
*?Aeyepiece. Inside a battery-powered motor moved the film as a lamp
*>Billuminated it from behind magnifying the film. It was called a
kinetoscope.
Concept of sprockets.
MORSE
FLEMI
BRANL
8878
Arial
Q3 -
6Louis Lumiere combined a movie camera and a projector.
Q4 -
;Scanning is running pictures into a continuous sequence of
information.
Q5 -
&Baird - 30 lines; today - 625 or more.
1929.
Computers
Q1 -
BThe transforming of multiplication into addition and division into
subtraction.
Q2 -
Binary ( 1 or 0).
Q3 -
ransister.
Q4 -
7They squeezed a host of components onto a silicon chip.
Q5 -
VCR, wrist watch.
1. Pascal
Aiken
2. Babbage
D 7. Memory
3. Eniae
8. Punched
4. Hollerith
9. Programming
uring
10. Multimedia
Times New Roman
Epilogue
Arial
) ide Power
, solar power
, wind power
, wave power.
;Computers that can solve our problems, and virtual reality
*?>which can create synthetic worlds to enable us to observe the
*>'impact of decisions before they happen.
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~~~~~~
Margaret Beck
4ICE Integrated Communications and Entertainment Inc.
('Common Ground Postscript Converter 2.00
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